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Books.Analysis2_Tao_2022.Chapters.Chap06.section06_part4

Helper for Theorem 6.8: a global fixed-point-or-antipode-equality principle on continuous self-maps of implies the global fixed/anti-fixed existence principle.

Helper for Theorem 6.8: existence of a continuous counterexample to the fixed/anti-fixed witness is equivalent to existence of a continuous counterexample to the fixed-point-or-antipode-equality disjunction.

Helper for Theorem 6.8: a global fixed/anti-fixed existence principle is equivalent to nonexistence of a continuous counterexample to that principle.

Helper for Theorem 6.8: a global fixed-point-or-antipode-equality principle is equivalent to nonexistence of a continuous counterexample to that principle.

Upstream helper for Theorem 6.8 in part4: an antipodal-equality principle on S² → ℝ² implies the odd-zero principle on continuous odd maps S² → ℝ².

Upstream helper for Theorem 6.8 in part4: the antipodal-equality principle and the odd-zero principle on S² → ℝ² are equivalent.

theorem helperForTheorem_6_8_continuous_odd_real_pair_common_zero_of_antipodal_equality_in_part4 (hantipodal : ∀ (g : UnitSphereTwoEuclideanSpace (Fin 2)), Continuous g∃ (x : UnitSphereTwo), g x = g (-x)) (u v : UnitSphereTwo) :
Continuous uContinuous v(∀ (x : UnitSphereTwo), u (-x) = -u x)(∀ (x : UnitSphereTwo), v (-x) = -v x)∃ (x : UnitSphereTwo), u x = 0 v x = 0

Upstream helper for Theorem 6.8 in part4: an antipodal-equality principle on S² → ℝ² yields a common zero for every pair of continuous odd real-valued maps on .

theorem helperForTheorem_6_8_continuous_odd_map_unitSphereTwo_to_euclideanTwo_exists_zero_of_common_zero_real_pair_in_part4 (hcommonZero : ∀ (u v : UnitSphereTwo), Continuous uContinuous v(∀ (x : UnitSphereTwo), u (-x) = -u x)(∀ (x : UnitSphereTwo), v (-x) = -v x)∃ (x : UnitSphereTwo), u x = 0 v x = 0) (h : UnitSphereTwoEuclideanSpace (Fin 2)) :
Continuous h(∀ (x : UnitSphereTwo), h (-x) = -h x)∃ (x : UnitSphereTwo), h x = 0

Upstream helper for Theorem 6.8 in part4: a common-zero principle for continuous odd real-valued pairs on implies the odd-zero principle on continuous odd maps S² → ℝ².

theorem helperForTheorem_6_8_continuous_map_unitSphereTwo_to_euclideanTwo_exists_antipodal_equal_of_common_zero_real_pair_in_part4 (hcommonZero : ∀ (u v : UnitSphereTwo), Continuous uContinuous v(∀ (x : UnitSphereTwo), u (-x) = -u x)(∀ (x : UnitSphereTwo), v (-x) = -v x)∃ (x : UnitSphereTwo), u x = 0 v x = 0) (g : UnitSphereTwoEuclideanSpace (Fin 2)) :
Continuous g∃ (x : UnitSphereTwo), g x = g (-x)

Upstream helper for Theorem 6.8 in part4: a common-zero principle for continuous odd real-valued pairs on implies the antipodal-equality principle on continuous maps S² → ℝ².

theorem helperForTheorem_6_8_common_zero_real_pair_iff_antipodal_equality_principle_in_part4 :
(∀ (u v : UnitSphereTwo), Continuous uContinuous v(∀ (x : UnitSphereTwo), u (-x) = -u x)(∀ (x : UnitSphereTwo), v (-x) = -v x)∃ (x : UnitSphereTwo), u x = 0 v x = 0) ∀ (g : UnitSphereTwoEuclideanSpace (Fin 2)), Continuous g∃ (x : UnitSphereTwo), g x = g (-x)

Upstream helper for Theorem 6.8 in part4: on maps S² → ℝ², the odd-real-pair common-zero principle is equivalent to the antipodal-equality principle.

On , every point has ambient Euclidean norm 1.

If two unit vectors in ℝ^3 are linearly dependent, they are equal or antipodal.

Coercion of a point on to Fin 3 → ℝ is nonzero.

theorem helperForTheorem_6_8_cross_eq_zero_implies_exists_smul_in_part4 (x y : Fin 3) (hx : x 0) (hcross : (crossProduct x) y = 0) :
∃ (a : ), a x = y

In ℝ^3, x × y = 0 implies that y is a scalar multiple of nonzero x.

theorem helperForTheorem_6_8_crossEq_neg_implies_sum_parallel_in_part4 (x p q : Fin 3) (hx : x 0) (hcrossEq : (crossProduct x) p = (crossProduct (-x)) q) :
∃ (a : ), a x = p + q

If x × p = (-x) × q, then p + q is parallel to x.

Non-antipodal and non-identical unit vectors in ℝ^3 have nonzero cross product.

For a self-map with no fixed/anti-fixed point, every point has nonzero cross product with its image.

theorem helperForTheorem_6_8_exists_firstTwoCoord_zero_of_commonZero_on_antipodal_sub_in_part4 (hcommonZero : ∀ (u v : UnitSphereTwo), Continuous uContinuous v(∀ (x : UnitSphereTwo), u (-x) = -u x)(∀ (x : UnitSphereTwo), v (-x) = -v x)∃ (x : UnitSphereTwo), u x = 0 v x = 0) (c : UnitSphereTwoFin 3) (hcCont : Continuous c) :
∃ (x : UnitSphereTwo), (c x - c (-x)) 0 = 0 (c x - c (-x)) 1 = 0

A common-zero source for odd real pairs produces a point where the first two coordinates of c x - c (-x) vanish, for any continuous c : S² → ℝ^3.

theorem helperForTheorem_6_8_eq_zero_of_firstTwoCoord_eq_zero_of_dot_eq_zero_and_third_ne_zero_in_part4 (x d : Fin 3) (hd0 : d 0 = 0) (hd1 : d 1 = 0) (hdot : x ⬝ᵥ d = 0) (hx2 : x 2 0) :
d = 0

In ℝ^3, if the first two coordinates of d vanish and x ⬝ d = 0, then d = 0 whenever the third coordinate of x is nonzero.

theorem helperForTheorem_6_8_cross_diff_eq_zero_of_firstTwoCoord_zero_and_thirdCoord_nonzero_in_part4 (g : UnitSphereTwoUnitSphereTwo) (x : UnitSphereTwo) (hx0 : ((crossProduct (↑x).ofLp) (↑(g x)).ofLp - (crossProduct (-(↑x).ofLp)) (↑(g (-x))).ofLp) 0 = 0) (hx1 : ((crossProduct (↑x).ofLp) (↑(g x)).ofLp - (crossProduct (-(↑x).ofLp)) (↑(g (-x))).ofLp) 1 = 0) (hx2 : (↑x).ofLp 2 0) :
(crossProduct (↑x).ofLp) (↑(g x)).ofLp = (crossProduct (-(↑x).ofLp)) (↑(g (-x))).ofLp

Specialized form for d = (x × g x) - ((-x) × g(-x)): if its first two coordinates vanish and x₂ ≠ 0, then the two cross-product terms are equal.

theorem helperForTheorem_6_8_sum_third_eq_zero_of_two_cross_diff_coords_zero_and_x2_zero_in_part4 (x p q : Fin 3) (hxne : x 0) (hx2 : x 2 = 0) (h0 : ((crossProduct x) p - (crossProduct (-x)) q) 0 = 0) (h1 : ((crossProduct x) p - (crossProduct (-x)) q) 1 = 0) :
(p + q) 2 = 0

If the first two coordinates of (x × p) - ((-x) × q) vanish and x₂ = 0, then (p + q)₂ = 0.

Rewriting identity for the cross-difference field used in the part4 reduction: x × g(x) - ((-x) × g(-x)) = x × (g(x) + g(-x)).

The scalar map x ↦ x · (g x + g(-x)) is continuous on .

theorem helperForTheorem_6_8_dot_sum_with_antipode_selfMap_odd_in_part4 (g : UnitSphereTwoUnitSphereTwo) (x : UnitSphereTwo) :
(↑(-x)).ofLp ⬝ᵥ ((↑(g (-x))).ofLp + (↑(g x)).ofLp) = -((↑x).ofLp ⬝ᵥ ((↑(g x)).ofLp + (↑(g (-x))).ofLp))

The scalar map x ↦ x · (g x + g(-x)) is odd on .

Upstream odd-zero consequence used in the long-line part4 reduction: there exists a point where x · (g x + g(-x)) = 0.

theorem helperForTheorem_6_8_exists_cross_diff_first_coord_zero_and_dot_sum_zero_of_commonZero_in_part4 (hcommonZero : ∀ (u v : UnitSphereTwo), Continuous uContinuous v(∀ (x : UnitSphereTwo), u (-x) = -u x)(∀ (x : UnitSphereTwo), v (-x) = -v x)∃ (x : UnitSphereTwo), u x = 0 v x = 0) (g : UnitSphereTwoUnitSphereTwo) (hg : Continuous g) :
∃ (x : UnitSphereTwo), ((crossProduct (↑x).ofLp) (↑(g x)).ofLp - (crossProduct (-(↑x).ofLp)) (↑(g (-x))).ofLp) 0 = 0 (↑x).ofLp ⬝ᵥ ((↑(g x)).ofLp + (↑(g (-x))).ofLp) = 0

Common-zero bridge (coordinate 0 + dot-sum) for the cross-difference field in part4.

theorem helperForTheorem_6_8_exists_cross_diff_second_coord_zero_and_dot_sum_zero_of_commonZero_in_part4 (hcommonZero : ∀ (u v : UnitSphereTwo), Continuous uContinuous v(∀ (x : UnitSphereTwo), u (-x) = -u x)(∀ (x : UnitSphereTwo), v (-x) = -v x)∃ (x : UnitSphereTwo), u x = 0 v x = 0) (g : UnitSphereTwoUnitSphereTwo) (hg : Continuous g) :
∃ (x : UnitSphereTwo), ((crossProduct (↑x).ofLp) (↑(g x)).ofLp - (crossProduct (-(↑x).ofLp)) (↑(g (-x))).ofLp) 1 = 0 (↑x).ofLp ⬝ᵥ ((↑(g x)).ofLp + (↑(g (-x))).ofLp) = 0

Common-zero bridge (coordinate 1 + dot-sum) for the cross-difference field in part4.

Independent upstream bridge for Theorem 6.8.

This theorem is intentionally placed in section06_part4 (strictly earlier than section06_part5/section06_part6) so downstream files can consume it without forming a declaration-order cycle.

Non-circularity contract:

  • Do not prove this by using any declaration from section06_part6.
  • Future completion should use genuinely upstream ingredients only.

Core upstream Borsuk-Ulam source required by Theorem 6.8 in the part4 stage.

theorem helperForTheorem_6_8_independent_upstream_antipodal_and_reduction_bridge_in_part4_placeholder :
(∀ (g : UnitSphereTwoEuclideanSpace (Fin 2)), Continuous g∃ (x : UnitSphereTwo), g x = g (-x)) ((∀ (g : UnitSphereTwoEuclideanSpace (Fin 2)), Continuous g∃ (x : UnitSphereTwo), g x = g (-x))∀ (g : UnitSphereTwoUnitSphereTwo), Continuous g∃ (x : UnitSphereTwo), g x = x (g x) = -x)